The problem is that DSA keys are obsolete after OpenSSH 7.0, which the new system seems to use. I generated a new RSA key and things worked again. Also, in the process I found out that the authorized_keys2 file has been actually deprecated for a long time! So I advice everybody to use authorized_keys instead, which works both with protocols 1 and 2. That way Apple's original sshd_config will work as is.
https://forums.developer.apple.com/thread/48794
So be sure to redo your key in rsa before (or after) the OS upgrade.